Colombia Today

Geography

Colombia is bordered on the northwest by Panama, on the east by Venezuela and Brazil, and on the southwest by Peru and Ecuador. The fertile plateau and valley of the eastern range are the most densely populated parts of the country.

History
Little is known about the various Indian tribes who inhabited Colombia before the Spanish arrived. In 1510 Spaniards founded Darien, the first permanent European settlement on the American mainland. In 1538 they established the colony of New Granada, the area's name until 1861. After a 14year struggle, during which time Simón Bolívar's Venezuelan troops won the battle of Boyacá in Colombia on Aug. 7, 1819, independence was attained in 1824. Bolívar united Colombia, Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador in the Republic of Greater Colombia (1819–1830), but he lost Venezuela and Ecuador to separatists.

Tourism

During the most famous festivals such as the Cali Fair, the Barranquilla Carnival, the Bogota summer festival, the Iberoamerican Theater Festival and the Flower Festival is when the most tourists come to Colombia. Many people visit Colombia during Christmas time and the celebrations surrounding the Independence of Colombia

Culture
The culture of Colombia lies at the crossroads of Latin America. Thanks partly to geography, Colombian culture has been heavily fragmented into five major cultural regions. Rural to urban migration and globalization have changed how many Colombians live and express themselves as large cities become melting pots of people (many of whom are refugees) from the various provinces that have hit Colombia through out its violent history, more recently is the displacement caused by the Colombian armed conflict to cities and other countries

Economy

Colombian's economy is based mainly on agriculture, the explotation of mineral resources, and industry. Coffee plays a dominant role in agriculture, Colombia being the world's second largest producer. It is South America's leading producer of gold, nickel, and coal. Most of the country's land, water, and forrest resources are not utilized.

Colombia Media
Colombian television is the main mass media outlet in Colombia. It is characterized for televising of telenovelas, series and TV news. There are two privately owned TV networks with national reach and three stated owned TV networks also with national reach, five regional TV networks and local TV stations. There are numerous Cable TV companies operating in Colombia under each Colombian department statutes. These cable companies also develop their own channels adding a variety of international channels. Television in Colombia has always relied on technological advancements from developed countries importing almost all the equipment.

Television

Television was introduced in Colombia by General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla in 1954.Caracol TV. General programming. Founded in 1956 by Fernando Londoño Henao, Cayetano Betancourt, Carlos Sanz de Santamaría and Pedro Navas as a production company. It's a national network since 1998.RCN TV. General programming. Founded in 1967 as a production company. It's a national network since 1998.Señal Colombia. Cultural and educative broadcasting. Founded in 1970.Canal Uno, state-owned national television network, whose programming is provided by private companies.

Australia and Colombia media

In Colombia exist different Cain’s of news paper also you can found the radio and News Agencies. Also are many T,V channels but most of them are international. How ever its more of the same they are a lot of USE channels.In Australia you can found the news and most of the same as Colombia media how ever on Australia you can found different types of TV because it is a multicultural city and is important that every person that habited this place can watch something according his what the public wants.

HIV/AIDS Australia VS Colombia

In Colombia AIDS cases have tripled in just two years. At this moment Colombia, the number of cases recorded in fourth place among the countries of continental Latin America. As we can see in the graphic (Left-Colombia) (Right-Australia), Colombia has an initial rate of 0.3 and Australia has an initial rate of 0.15. Besides, the graphic shows that Australia has been a preventive country due the rate's decrease during the next years, the rate decreased from 0,15 to 0,1, and it continues stable during the next two years. Colombia, by its side, shows an opposite reaction of Australia, because it is not shows any preventive action; its rate increase from 0,3 to 0,4 in 2001 and then to 0,7 in 2003. These percentages place Colombia in the 65 position with a 0.7% and Asustralia in the 117 with a 0.1% in the rankin of countries with HIV / AIDS.

To conclude, AIDS is a global threat that can happen to anyone, since it lies in the lack of culture and information. However, we now have more responsibility, because it has been increased advertising and information on this problem and there is no excuse for ignorance on the topic. So if prevention lies in your hands, why you don't take the responsability? Government policies in each country should invest in education and prevention at all the levels of the society, because the projected cost will be lower than the cost of take care the health of people infected. For this reason, we must start by educating our children, it is not just teach them how to use a condom or other methods of prevention, but to teach them how to respect and appreciate their body.

HIV/AIDS Colombia

The Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and the consequence, of lnmunodeficiencia Acquired Syndrome (AIDS), constitute a problem with profound implications epidemiological, medical, ethical, cultural and socioeconomic who do the holistic approach to the problem is very complex. However, these rapid advances are increasing the complexity of the problem, because we impose the challenge of adapting to the social and economic reality of our country in order to achieve a rational use and socially relevant resource it leads to a radical change in the history of HIV / AIDS.

Colombia lies in fourth place among the countries of continental Latin America, the total number of reported cases of HIV infection and AIDS. The first recorded case of AIDS was diagnosed in the city of Cartagena de Indias in 1983, corresponding to a woman, sex worker. During the first decade of the epidemic in Colombia, the characterization of its performance was given by the predominance marking homosexual transmission.

In Bogota, men who have sex with men accounted for between 40% and 50% of the infections recorded between 1990 and 1994. By contrast, in regions such as the Atlantic Coast and Norte de Santander, heterosexual contact is the predominant mode of transmission, a situation that has been evident since the beginning of this decade.

The transfusion transmission contributes 84% of cumulative cases transmitted way blood, between 1995 and 1998 still were registered 26 cases of transfusion-transmissible, much of which may relate to infections occurred years ago. The highest peak of cases transmitted way blood was recorded in 1994, when it reported 17 cases, largely corresponding to the cases detected in 1993.

According to Ministry of Health statistics, in our country have been detected since 1985 until June 2002, 26,657 cases of people living with HIV / AIDS. The gender trend since the beginning of the epidemic, showing an annual growth in the number of cases of 184 for men and 38 for women, with a male-female ratio of 1:7 and in some regions of 1:4. This could be explained by the fact that 75% of patients maintained detected sex with men or bisexual (according to reports). According to the report that addresses Sectional made to the Ministry of Health, the largest number of cases of people living with HIV / AIDS or who have died from the disease, it presents the city of Bogota, with 7,765 infected. Antioquia with 4,609 cases; Valle with 2,789; Atlantic 1,293; Risaralda 953 and Norte de Santander with 943 people reported. These are the departments with the most cases have been reported. By age, 70.4% of the reported cases is between 20 and 40 years of age being the group of 25 to 29 years it highest, with 4,985 cases, followed that of 30 to 34 years with 4,870; from 20 to 24 with 3,434 and the population between 35 and 39 years with 3,226 cases. Of the 23,447 cases reported belongs to the 84.8% males and 14.4% females. However, the analysis indicates that for years the epidemic increasingly affecting women: while in 1986 the ratio was 47 to 1, for 2001 the ratio had fallen to 3 men for every woman infected. In Colombia, according to official data provided by UNAIDS, specifically, there are about 44,000 cases of HIV reported in January 2005, 25,399 infections are asymptomatic (without symptoms), 9,550 AIDS cases and about 14,000 deaths.

The laboratory examination to determine whether they are a carrier of HIV can be done in EPS to which you are insured. If the person is not affiliated to any EPS, in any hospital in the District may let them free, as Angarita. The person is treated in the hospital district until it subscribes to an EPS. In Bogota there are also a number of institutions that provide advice on AIDS. Here are some of them: Ministry of Health: online friend, Came Foundation, Eudes Foundation, Fundamor Foundation.

HIV/AIDS Australia Media

Australia's approach of national response to HIV / AIDS has been seen as one of the best in the world. Since the adoption of the first National HIV / AIDS in 1989, through the strategy of the third National HIV / AIDS in 1999, Australia has recognized the need for a coordinated action to combat HIV. This strategy is based on the experience and knowledge that has been developed in Australia for almost two decades to combat the virus. This strategy also builds an important foundation which is established under previous HIV / AIDS strategies and with the collaboration among the affected communities, governments at all levels, and the doctors, scientists and health care professionals.

There have been major changes in the nature of the HIV / AIDS during the end of the third strategy. Much of this change has occurred as a result of the availability of new anti-retroviral treatment for HIV. Nevertheless, the use and the injection of illegal drugs continues to grow in Australia, and that represents the risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses such as HIV and hepatitis C. It is important that the National HIV / AIDS works well with the strategy of the government from the National Illicit Drug Strategy, in order to avoid isolation. This strategy recognizes the importance of establishing and maintaining operational links with other national strategies in the health of the population, such as the national policy on drugs, and the national responses to other blood-borne viruses as hepatitis C and sexually transmitted infections. Significant opportunities exist for the coordinated efforts of many of the population health areas, including education, prevention and research. By placing this strategy within a broader framework of communicable diseases, we have an opportunity to ensure that the outcome in overall health will be greater.

The HIV/AIDS Media Guide

The Media Guide to Terminology is a section of the HIV/AIDS Media Guide. The first part of the guide deals with the challenges faced by governments and affected communities in their response to HIV/AIDS. Other sections cover the history of the virus, transmission, treatments and a chronological account of HIV/AIDS in Australia.

Investing in health helps to lay the ground work for skilled and productive populations, and ensures that the poor people can expand their range of choices. Within Australia's immediate region there are a number of areas such as women's and children's health, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, malaria and the quality of health education - in which progress is either slow or negative and the need for action is compelling. Australia is strengthening national health systems and taking major diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria and potential pandemics. Australia helps countries to develop better quality, effective costs and community focused on health systems that are sustainable and that lead to better health outcomes in the long term.Australia's aid program focuses on simple, cost-effective methods of prevention and treatment. We concentrate on helping those people, particularly women and children. Australia plays a leadership role in combating the spread of HIV/AIDS in the Asia Pacific region and, through its Global HIV/AIDS initiative, has committed a total of $600 million from 2000 to 2010 to combat the HIV pandemic. Australia also works with the World Trade Organization and the World Health Organization to improve the accessibility and affordability of essential HIV/AIDS drugs.

Australia Media

Is widely accessible and caters to a wide variety of audiences. Ninetynine percent of Australian households have a television, and all households have at least one radio.

Public broadcasters

There are two media outlets in Australia which are publicly funded: the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). Both broadcast on free-to-air television, radio and online.

Television

New South Wales and Victoria was the first states to introduced to television in 1956, with the other states following suit up to 1971 (the Northern Territory). Colour television was introduced in 1975. In addition to the public broadcasters which are available to almost all of Australia's population, there are three major commercial television networks: the Nine Network, the Seven Network and Network Ten. Most of Australia's heavily populated cities are serviced by all three networks.

After heated debate in the early 2000s over a Bill that would have removed the foreign ownership restrictions of broadcasting TV licenses, the Australian government chose to retain the foreign-ownership restrictions in its 1992 Broadcasting Act. As such, Australia continues to disallow foreign control of a broadcasting license and limit foreign ownership of broadcasting firms to 20%.

Pay TV
A lot of people in Australia didn`t pay for Tv services. Approximately 25% of Australian households had access to pay television services by the end of 2005. The main operators are Foxtel and Optus in metropolitan areas, and Austar in regional and rural areas.

Press

Australia have a big industri of newspaper. You can fin a lot and diferebts kinds of newspaper and important magazines. There are 12 national or state/territory daily newspapers, 35 regional dailies and 470 other regional and suburban newspapers. The only national daily newspaper is The Australian, other notable newspapers are The Sydney Morning Herald, The Age (Melbourne) and the most prominent financial newspaper, The Australian Financial Review.

Radio

The radio in australia make a big progress since his starts. Australia's first regular radio broadcasts began on November 13, 1923 with station 2SB in Sydney. The ABC began broadcasting in 1932. Talkback radio was first broadcast with 3AW in Melbourne, 1967. ABC began experimenting with FM stations in the 1960s, but it wasn't until July 1980 did the first FM station commence full operations.

Regulation
Regulation of the media in Australia is limited to a narrow range of specific areas. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) is the broadcasting regulator for radio and television in Australia, and also the regulatory Online Content Scheme. Consumers who have complaints about programs on television and radio or certain types of content on the Internet can apply to the ACMA.

Media ownership
Controls over media ownership in Australia are laid down in the Broadcasting Services Act 1992, administered by the ACMA. Even with laws in place Australia has a high concentration of media ownership compared to other western countries. Ownership of national and the newspapers of each capital city are dominated by two corporations, Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation, (which was founded in Adelaide but is now based from the United States) and John Fairfax Holdings , Murdoch-owned titles account for nearly two-thirds of metropolitan circulation and Fairfaxowned papers account for a further quarter.

Australia Commercial

AuStRaLiA ToDaY

Australia Today

Australia is a stable, democratic society with a skilled workforce and a strong, competitive economy. With a population of 20 million, Australia is the only nation to govern an entire continent and is the sixth largest country in the world in land area. Australia's multicultural society includes its Indigenous peoples and migrants from some 200 countries.

An island continent located between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, Australia combines a wide variety of landscapes. The highest mountains are part of the Great Dividing Range that line the east coast from Cape York Peninsula south to the state of Victoria.

The Great Artesian Basin provides underground water for a region that would otherwise be desert. Vegetation ranges from rain forests in the far north to steppes and deserts in the vast interior (which Australians call the outback). There are more than 130 species of marsupials, such as kangaroos, koalas, and wombats. The Murray-Darling River Basin, covering about 14 percent of the continent, helps sustain wheat and wool industries.

A strong economy
Australia has one of the most stable economic, political and social environments in the region, which has led to increased investment from overseas in recent years. As a result of major diversification in Australia's export base, Australia is now not only a commodity exporter, it also has sophisticated manufacturing and service industries.
Australia has one of the world's most open and innovative economies and the Australian Government is committed to maintaining this direction.

ECONOMY

Industry: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel.

Agriculture: wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle.

Exports: coal, gold, meat, wool, alumina, iron ore.

A culturally diverse society
Australia is a tolerant and inclusive society, a nation built by people from many different backgrounds - Vietnam, China, Greece and the UK are among the top 10 countries that Australians have migrated from. Cultural diversity has become a touchstone of Australia's national identity.

A vibrant scene for culture and the arts
Australia's contemporary arts are as unique and diverse as the society and continent they come from. They reflect an ancient landscape that is home to both the world's oldest continuous cultural traditions and also to a rich mix of migrant cultures. Australian arts and artists have much to say and many unique ways to say it - Australia's physical isolation, rich Indigenous artistic traditions and diverse cultural influences have created a whole range of vibrant new art to share with the world.

A proud record of delivering education
Australia has a well-developed education system with very high rates of participation and secondary completion. Australian governments at all levels continually review and reform education and training to address the issues that arise from social and economic change.

A strong commitment to science and technology

Australia is committed to establishing a culture of innovation to make the best use of national and international information networks, encourage creativity in all forms of research, promote collaboration between university researchers and industry, and disseminate the outcomes of research to the wider community.
Innovations in science and technology are strong drivers of economic growth. Australia is both well positioned and well resourced to make a difference in the global innovation race.
Australian innovations are world renowned, from medical breakthroughs such as the bionic ear and revolutionary flu treatments through to the world's first nanomachine, contactless smartcards, and the orbital engine.

A great place to visit
Australia's spectacular natural environment, multicultural communities, food and wine, the friendliness of its people, combined with its weather and lifestyle make it one of the world's most popular tourist destinations. These qualities also make it one of the best places in the world in which to live and conduct business.

Australia's unique environment has many native plants, animals and birds that exist nowhere else in the world.

Despite the vast size of the continent however, the majority of Australians live on the coast and in major cities - around 75 per cent of Australia's population lives in urban areas. Australia is the driest inhabited continent on earth.

Animals

Australia has many kinds of animals that are found no where else in the world. Australia is also populated by about 40 million kangaroos, 75000 crocodiles, half a million wild camels, 140 million sheep, 24 million cows and 100 000 koalas. Many of the animals in Australia are unique, and a lot of them are considered dangerous.

Famous Australian Animals: Koala, Kangaroo, Australian Dingo, Wombat, Quoll, Tasmanian Devil, Green Tree Frog, Frilled Neck Lizard, Blue Tongue Lizard
Most Dangerous Australian Animals: Saltwater Crocodile, Box Jellyfish, Blue Ring Octopus, Stone Fish, Great White Shark, Brown Snake, Tiger Snake, Taipan, Red Bellied Black Snake, Sydney Funnel-web Spider.

Most Unusual Australian Animals: Platypus, Echidna, Thorny Devil, Tree Kangaroo, Sugar Glider
More Australian Animals: Camels In Australia, Quokka, Cassowary, Wedge-tailed Eagle, Kookaburra, Freshwater Crocodile, Monitor Lizard or Goanna

HISTORY

Founded in 1788 as a British convict colony, Australia was a place of banishment until gold strikes in 1851 opened floodgates of immigration. Independence came in 1901, with a constitution adapted in part from that of the United States. Immigration has been key to Australia's development since 1788; from 1945 through 2000 almost six million immigrants arrived. Aborigines number 410,000, and the government is making efforts to settle aboriginal land rights. Australia has one of the world's highest living standards with 85 percent living in urban areas.

Telecommunications
In 1997 the Australian Government introduced open competition into the Australian telecommunications market. This will provide long-term benefits to consumers of telecommunications services and promote the efficiency of the Australian telecommunications industry.

Film

Australian actors and film and television production staff are among the best in the world, as demonstrated by recent international recognition for their skills and achievements. In 2004-05 there were 65 films and television drama productions made in Australia, at a total cost of A$811 million. Australia provides world-class studio facilities, high-quality technical expertise and a diverse range of stunning landscapes for location shooting.

Arts and culture

The Australian Government provides about A$140 million each year, issued as grants by the Australia Council for the Arts, for the development of the arts and cultural expression. The Government also directly provides grants for touring exhibitions and performances and for regional festivals and activities and offers a range of tax incentives to encourage the private sector to support cultural activities.

Music

Today, Australian music tells stories millenniums old but also regularly scales the pop charts around the world. Somewhere in between, Aboriginal rock combines elements from both worlds.
The Aborigines, inhabitants of the continent for over 50,000 years, have a distinctive musical culture. Aboriginal creation myth holds that singing was the means of the world's creation. By the late 19th century, most Aboriginals had been forced into white communities and many tribes were massively depopulated.

Broadcasting and online content

The Department of Communications, Information Technology and the Arts has txxhe responsibility for providing policy advice to the Australian Government and contributing to the development of legislation that governs television and radio broadcasting and online (Internet) content. The Department is also responsible for providing policy advice on radiocommunications and satellite .

Online content

Concern expressed by the Australian community about illegal and offensive material on the Internet and in emails has led to the development of a scheme for the shared regulation of online content. The scheme relies on codes of practice developed by the Internet Industry Association in consultation with the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA) and relevant industry bodies and community groups.

Commercial television broadcasting

There are 54 licensed commercial television services in Australia. The Seven, Nine and Ten networks broadcast mainly in the major capital cities while others such as Prime (including the Golden West Network), WIN and Southern Cross Broadcasting focus on regional areas. Each regional network is affiliated with a metropolitan network. The only commercial television broadcaster owned by Aboriginal interests, Imparja Television, broadcasts from Alice Springs in the Northern Territory to remote parts of central and eastern Australia.

Commercial radio broadcasting

As at August 2005, there were 274 commercial radio licences issued in Australia, with 272 of these in operation.

Commercial Radio Australia is the peak industry association for the commercial radio sector. It is responsible for formulating, administering and reviewing the Commercial Radio Code of Practice.

Open narrowcasting services

Open narrowcasting radio services are those that limit reception in some way, perhaps by targeting a special interest group (e.g. religious programming or ethnic language services), or by operating within a specified location (e.g. shopping centres or hospitals), or by transmitting for a limited time period (e.g. a community event or festival). Narrowcasting services are important for providing diversity in broadcasting.


National broadcasting

The Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) and the Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) are independent statutory corporations established under their own legislation. The Australian Government determines the level of funding from the federal budget for each, but does not have editorial control or programming responsibility. ABC
The ABC's Charter, as set out in the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act 1983, includes the requirement to broadcast programs that inform, educate, entertain and reflect the cultural diversity of Australia.
SBS
The SBS Charter is set out in the Special Broadcasting Service Act 1991. It identifies the principal function of the SBS as providing multilingual and multicultural radio and television services that inform, educate and entertain all Australians and, in doing so, reflect Australia's multicultural society.

Community broadcasting

Australia's community broadcasters are licensed by ACMA to provide non profit services that emphasise community participation, access to minority and special interest groups and promote Australian music. There are approximately 250 licensed community radio services operating throughout Australia. The Australian Government provides funding to community broadcasters through the community Broadcasting Foundation Ltd , an industry-based company established to allocate the funds.

Digital broadcasting

Broadcasters commenced digital services in January 2001 in mainland state capital cities and have also now commenced in all regional television licence areas. Broadcasters are required to provide a standard definition (SD) digital TV broadcast of their existing analog service at all times. An estimated 84 per cent of the Australian population now has access to digital services from all their local free-to-air broadcasters and around 96 per cent of the population has access to at least one digital service.

In addition, within two years of the commencement of digital broadcasting in each area broadcasters must commence high definition (HD) services. Each broadcaster must provide at least 1040 hours per annum of HDTV programming.

Datacasting

The Broadcasting Services Act 1992 provides for the licensing of datacasting services in the broadcasting services band. There are restrictions on the services that can be offered under a datacasting licence, so that datacasting cannot be used to circumvent the ban on new commercial television licences.

Pay TV

Australia has three major pay television networks, delivered via cable or satellite, which are either in the process of converting to digital mode or have recently announced plans to do so. Several smaller players also provide pay television services.

Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association

The Australian Subscription Television and Radio Association (ASTRA) was formed in September 1997 to represent the interests of satellite and narrowcast radio services, narrowcast television services, program channel providers, subscription TV operators and other associated communications companies.